Digital Assembly of Spherical Viscoelastic Bio?Ink Particles

3D bioprinting additively assembles bio-inks to manufacture tissue-mimicking biological constructs, but with the typical building blocks limited 1D filaments. Here, it is developed a voxelated technique for digital assembly of spherical particles (DASP), which are effectively 0D voxels—the basic unit structures. It shown that DASP enables on-demand generation, deposition, and viscoelastic bio-ink droplets. A two-parameter diagram outline viscoelasticity required printing good fidelity. Moreover, strategy engineering independently controllable mesh size, two most important yet intrinsically coupled physical properties biomaterials. Using DASP, mechanically robust, multiscale porous scaffolds composed interconnected distinguishable hydrogel created. Finally, demonstrated application in encapsulating human pancreatic islets sustained responsive insulin release. Together knowledge design, might be used engineer highly heterogeneous, tightly organized tissue constructs therapeutic applications.